WASHINGTON , DC, United States (AP) — President Joe Biden on Wednesday announced detailed plans to deliver on a campaign promise to provide US$10,000 in student debt cancellation for millions of Americans — and up to US$10,000 more for those with the greatest financial need — along with measures to lower the burden of repayment for their remaining federal student debt.

Borrowers who earn less than US$125,000 a year, or families earning less than $250,000, would be eligible for the US$10,000 loan forgiveness, Biden announced. For those who also receive Pell Grants, which are reserved for undergraduates with the most significant financial need, the federal government would cancel up to an additional US$10,000 in federal loan debt.

“Both of these targeted actions are for families who need it the most: working and middle class people hit especially hard during the pandemic,” Biden said in remarks at the White House Wednesday afternoon.

Biden is also extending a pause on all federal student loan payments for what he called the “final time” through the end of 2022.

If his plan survives legal challenges, which are almost certain to come, it could offer a windfall to many in the run-up to this fall’s midterm elections. More than 43 million people have federal student debt, with an average balance of US$37,667 according to federal data. Nearly a third of borrowers owe less than US$10,000, and about half owe less than $20,000. The White House estimates that Biden’s announcement would erase the federal student debt of about 20 million people.

“That’s 20 million people who can start getting on with their lives,” Biden said. “All this means people can start to finally crawl out from under that mountain of debt; to get on top of their rent and utilities; to finally think about buying a home or starting a family or starting a business.”

Proponents say cancellation will narrow the racial wealth gap — black students are more likely to borrow federal student loans, and at higher amounts, than others. Four years after earning bachelor’s degrees, black borrowers owe an average of nearly US$25,000 more than their white peers, according to a Brookings Institution study.

Biden has faced pressure from liberals to provide broader relief to hard-hit borrowers, but also from Republicans questioning the fairness of any widespread forgiveness.

The White House emphasised that no one in the top five per cent of incomes would see any loan relief.

But top Republicans were not persuaded.

Senate GOP leader Mitch McConnell said, “President Biden’s inflation is crushing working families, and his answer is to give away even more government money to elites with higher salaries. Democrats are literally using working Americans’ money to try to buy themselves some enthusiasm from their political base.”

In fact many Democrats, from congressional leaders to others facing tough re-election bids this November, have pushed the Administration to go as broadly as possible on debt relief, seeing it in part as a galvanising issue, particularly for black and young voters.

The extension of the pandemic-era payment freeze comes just days before millions of Americans are to find out when their next student loan bills will be due. The current pause is to end August 31.

The Administration said the Education Department would release information in coming weeks for eligible borrowers to sign up for debt relief. Cancellation for some will be automatic, if the department has access to to their income information, but others will need to fill out a form.

Current students would be eligible for relief only if their loans were originated before July 1, 2022. Biden is also proposing capping the amount that borrowers must pay monthly on undergraduate loans at 5 percent of their earnings, down from 10 per cent previously. The Education Department is to post a proposed rule to that effect, which would also cover the unpaid monthly interest for borrowers who remain current with their monthly payments — even when the payments are US$0 because their incomes are low.

The Biden Administration plan would also raise the income floor for repayments, meaning no one earning below 225 per cent of the federal poverty level would need to make monthly payments.

Biden’s plan builds on US$32 billion in targeted student debt forgiveness his Administration has enacted for certain groups of borrowers. Much of that went to borrowers who say they were defrauded by for-profit colleges.

The Administration also temporarily has relaxed the rules for Public Service Loan Forgiveness, a complex programme that allows teachers, social workers, and other public servants to get student debt cancelled after 10 years of monthly payments.

“The positive impacts of this move will be felt by families across the country, particularly in minority communities, and is the single most effective action that the president can take on his own to help working families and the economy,” said Senator Elizabeth Warren on Wednesday, in a joint statement with Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer.

Tweeted Representative Pramila Jayapal, the chair of the House Progressive Caucus: “This will bring real relief to 43 million people and is a MASSIVE step in the right direction.”

The Justice Department released a legal opinion concluding that the Higher Education Relief Opportunities for Students Act gives the education secretary the “authority to reduce or eliminate the obligation to repay the principal balance of federal student loan debt.” The legal opinion also concluded that the debit could be applied on a “class-wide” basis in response to the novel coronavirus pandemic.

Lawsuits are likely, nonetheless.

During the 2020 presidential campaign, Biden was initially sceptical of student loan debt cancellation as he faced off against more progressive candidates for the Democratic nomination. Senators Warren, D-Mass., and Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., had proposed cancellations of US50,000 or more.

As he tried to shore up support among younger voters and prepare for a general election battle against President Donald Trump, Biden unveiled his initial proposal for debt cancellation of US$10,000 per borrower, with no mention of an income cap.

Republicans responded swiftly to Biden’s decision on student debt relief Wednesday, calling out the Administration for “selling out working families” to appease to the progressive wing of the party.