ONE of the unwelcome effects of pregnancy, especially after a C-section birth, is unfortunately the fupa, that "fat upper pubic area" that is hard to get rid of even with stringent exercising. The fupa can also be caused by ageing and rapid weight loss, where fat accumulates in a layer that's hard to get rid of.

But fitness trainer Lennox Richards said there are exercises that can help tone and strengthen the abdominal area, including the lower abdomen, and ultimately result in reducing excess fat in that area. These include:

Planks

Get into a push-up position, resting your weight on your forearms and toes. Keep your body in a straight line, engage your core, and hold this position for as long as you can. Repeat for multiple sets.

Reverse crunches

Lie on your back with your legs bent and your feet off the ground. Contract your abs and lift your hips off the ground, bringing your knees towards your chest. Slowly lower your hips back down and repeat.

Bicycle crunches

Lie on your back and bring your knees toward your chest. Place your hands behind your head and lift your upper body off the ground. Straighten your left leg while twisting your upper body to the right, bringing your left elbow towards your right knee. Switch sides in a pedalling motion.

Mountain climbers

Start in a plank position with your arms straight. Bring your right knee towards your chest, then quickly switch to bring your left knee towards your chest. Continue alternating between legs in a running-like motion.

Richards said exercise alone may not eliminate your fupa, but a combination of regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and overall weight loss, if necessary, can contribute to reducing fat throughout the body, including the upper pubic area.