WASHINGTON, DC, USA (AP) — Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney is making campaign promises that could produce an economic miracle — or a more predictable list of broken vows.

Romney says he wants to put the United States on a path to a balanced budget while also cutting an array of taxes, building up the Navy and Air Force and adding 100,000 active-duty military personnel. He says he would slash domestic spending and reduce tax loopholes but has offered few details.

His comments raise eyebrows in Congress, long accustomed to easier-said-than-done promises. And even some conservatives have their doubts.

Christopher A Preble, a vice-president for the libertarian Cato Institute, says Romney’s promise to push military spending to four per cent of the national economy would require dramatic increases that would raise, not lower, the federal deficit.

Citing “the absurdity of Romney’s plan”, Preble wrote recently that the candidate “hasn’t said what other spending he will cut, or what taxes he would increase”.

“Until he does,” Preble wrote, “it is logical to conclude that he plans to pile on more debt.”

Romney says he will avoid that problem by making courageous cuts to federal programmes if elected.

“I have three major ways that we can get ourselves to a balanced budget,” he told voters this month in Warwick, Rhode Island. “Number one is to eliminate some programmes. Stop, eliminate them. Not just slow down their rate of growth. But look at programmes and say, ‘Too many, too big, too expensive, too ineffective, get rid of it.’ Some programmes you’re going to like. I’m going to ask for sacrifice. But the sacrifice will not be taking more from your wallet… I’m not going to give anybody any free stuff.”

Other Romney proposals would make states responsible for programmes such as Medicaid, and reduce the federal workforce by 10 per cent “through attrition”.

It’s not uncommon for candidates to promise unspecified spending cuts. Often, however, they find it extremely difficult to fulfill the pledges once elected. That’s one reason the nation’s debt has soared under Republican and Democratic presidents and congresses alike.

Romney has shown little willingness to cut popular programmes so far. He joined President Barack Obama, and bucked some House Republicans, by backing an extension of low college loan rates for middle-income students, a US$6 billion government cost.

Voters may understand that candidates can’t or won’t keep all their promises.

“You campaign in fiction, and govern in fact,” said Tom Davis, a former congressman who headed the Republicans’ House campaign committee from 1998 to 2002.

He noted that Obama quickly backed off his campaign promise to close the Guantanamo Bay prison. Obama also pledged to tamp down Washington’s partisan tone and to overhaul immigration laws, neither of which has happened.

Davis said it’s the general thrust of Romney’s proposals that matters most, not every specific item.

“What he’s trying to do is sketch a different vision,” Davis said. Details of how Romney’s proposals will pan out, if he’s elected, “will be determined by Congress and events,” he said.

Representative Steve LaTourette (Republican – Ohio), said Romney’s proposals “are aspirations” more than firm promises. If elected, Romney may have to revisit his current rejection of tax increases and his vow to leave Social Security and Medicare unchanged for current and soon-to-be recipients, LaTourette said.

Romney and Obama “have to come to the realisation that a big deal”, which includes tax increases, spending cuts and changes to Social Security and Medicare, “is the only way” to address the nation’s deficit dilemma, LaTourette said.

Romney calls for a host of tax cuts. But independent analysts say they will worsen the deficit unless offset by deep and politically unpopular spending cuts.

Romney would keep the Bush-era tax cuts, and further reduce all marginal income tax rates by 20 per cent. He says he would lower the corporate tax rate, eliminate the estate tax, push a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution and make US$500 billion in unspecified domestic discretionary spending cuts in 2016.

He wants wider exploration for energy, including oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, or ANWR.

Such promises draw loud cheers at GOP rallies. But for decades, Republican-run and Democratic-run congresses alike have rejected ANWR drilling, a balanced budget amendment, deep spending cuts and other mainstays of Romney’s campaign.

Whether these campaign ideas are called proposals, aspirations or promises, they are easier to talk about than to achieve.