Jamaica’s near miss of Hurricane Matthew last week and the ensuing discussion in some quarters about the accuracy of the storm’s forecast by trained meterologists has put the science of meteorology into sharp focus. We’ll guide you through what it is, what it takes to qualify you, and how much it pays.

The most basic definition of a meteorologist is someone who observes, reports and forecasts weather conditions. They also study the characteristics and processes of the atmosphere and how they affect the environment, as well as studying climate and climate changes. Those wishing to embark on a career in meteorology must have a hunger to understand how the physical world works, especially with regard to the atmosphere and oceans.

According to the World Meterological Organisation (WMO), “Meteorology is a tough subject, which requires pre/co-requisite knowledge in higher mathematics, advanced physics and chemistry, as well as a good computer proficiency. The basic requirement is a BSc degree in Meteorology or Atmospheric Sciences. Another option is to first get a BSc in Mathematics, Physical Sciences, or Engineering and then follow with an MSc course in Meteorology.”

Teaching, research or management positions, it says, usually require an MSc degree or a PhD.

It advises students to include environmental meteorology (eg, air pollution, climate change, ozone depletion, harmful solar radiation) classes in their course list. Journalism and mass-media communication courses are also critical if one wants to work as weather broadcaster.

Internships are also an essential training ground for meteorologists and can be done at any point during your schooling — whether it’s in high school, your bachelor’s, or your graduate work.

There are several different kinds of meteorologists, including:

• Operational meteorologist — responsible for forecasting the weather

• Climatologist — gathers and examines the seasonal changes that occur over time

• Physical meteorologist — conducts research on the atmosphere and different physical properties

• Synoptic meteorologist — uses mathematical models and creates different tools such as software for forecasting weather

• Environmental meteorologist — studies problems like air pollution which affects the Earth’s atmosphere

• Forensic meteorologist – provides meteorological information, data, and consulting for legal cases

There are also meteorological technicians — who collect and report observational weather data — but they do not need to possess an academic degree. Their qualification is usually obtained through completion of technical-level courses of a varying duration, from a few months to one to two years, depending on the envisaged work.

Meteorologists can work as researchers in atmospheric sciences, storm chasers, consultants, lecturers, and weather broadcasters. They can work for government agencies, such as the Meteorological Service of Jamaica, or NASA, NOAA, and the National Weather Service in the US. They can work in the private sector, such as with airlines, shipping and insurance companies.

In terms of conditions of work, the WMO says meterologists may be required to work nights and/or weekends if they are involved in any area of weather forecasting. There may also be pressure to meet deadlines during times of weather emergencies as the ability to analyse data accurately and quickly, and to take sound operational decisions is essential.

The average meteorologist in the US grosses approximately US$51,000 a year, according to payscale.com which gathers its data from surveys of people employed in the profession. There is potential for bonuses and profit sharing — peaking near US$10,000 and US$43,0000, respectively. That means total cash payment can bottom out near US$31,000 or peak near US$103,000 depending on individual performance.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics, meanwhile, said meteorologists averaged as much as US$136,120 per year, or US$65.44 per hour, as of May 2011. However, some earned less than $47,950, or US$23.05. Mean salaries were at US$90,860, or US$43.68 per hour.

“Career length is the main element affecting pay for this group,” accordign to payscale.com. “The specific employer and location are driving factors as well. Medical benefits are awarded to most, and a strong majority earn dental coverage. The majority of meteorologists claim high levels of job satisfaction.