Over the last 500 years Christianity in Africa, and in most countries with people of African ancestry, has been charged with outright racism (when non-blacks headed the hierarchy within denominations) and with inverse racism (when blacks headed the hierarchy within denominations). To these charges the Church has had to plead ‘guilty’ or ‘guilty with explanation’ — regrettably, not by its own volition, but in response to external pressure, not readily, but reluctantly.

The awful reality is that racism and inverse racism are still within sectors of the Christian Church, and in societies where Christianity is the dominant religion, like the Caribbean region. To what extent this is true is open to guesswork, since, to the best of my knowledge, there has not been any definitive research done on the current levels of racism and, especially inverse racism, in any country within the Caribbean.

There is no question that there are residual negative effects of the chattel slavery experience in sections of the world today. Black people have had to struggle with a culturally entrenched notion of white supremacy that has adversely affected their psyche. There has been, and there still is, a need for a thorough programme of self-affirmation as blacks learn to be at ease with themselves.

The enterprise of Afrocentrism — an enterprise involving a refocusing of the black person’s psyche on things African — is designed in part to remind blacks of their roots in Africa and the proud historical and historic achievements of their ancestors.

Black consciousness is an enterprise that can be seen as intimately related to Afrocentrism, if not identical with it. The differentiating nuance, if any, is that black consciousness deals specifically with the need for pride in one’s black skin while sharing with Afrocentrism the concern to refocus the black psyche on things African.

Where there is evidence that black people are not at ease concerning who they are, there is going to be a need to assist such individuals in improving their sense of ethnic identity and ethnic worth. This assistance, if accepted, will result in pride, in the particularity of one’s ethnic identity.

It must be realised, though, that there are black people who are very proud of their ethnic identity, but do not deem it necessary to wear anything special or speak in any particular way to show that they are proud of their ethnic identity. Nor do they see the need to be, in principle, against any other ethnic stock.

If there is genuine pride in ethnic particularity, plain and simple, there can be no place for denouncing those who are not so vocal or even ambivalent about ethnic issues. Nor should we indulge or defend the practice of calling such individuals by derogatory terms as ‘roast breadfruit’, ‘coconut’, or Oreo.

Is my ethnicity or my skin colouration the essence of me? Here now is an awkward issue which must be faced.

Why should there be any greater virtue in preferring one’s skin colour or craniofacial features over, say, one’s height, weight, brain power, or character? If I can, defensibly, have a certain brain, height, weight, or character, and yet prefer another kind of any or all of these, what is so wrong with having a certain skin colour and preferring another kind, especially given the wide spectrum of skin colourations qualifying as black? Compare the skin colouration of a Rex Nettleford or a Rupert Lewis with a Peter Phillips or an Andrew Holness — all black men, but…

If what I am raising here has any probative value it means that we need to be more careful in our tendency to conclude that black people who ‘bleach’ their skins — health concerns aside — are necessarily suffering from inverse racism.

They might just be desirous of a lighter or ‘high brown’ for aesthetic or economic or other defensible reasons, but still black skin.Rev Clinton Chisholm served as tutor in philosophy at The University of the West Indies, Mona campus, and as tutor in business ethics at the University of Technology, Jamaica. He is also a former academic dean at the Caribbean Graduate School of Theology. Send comments to the Jamaica Observer or clintchis@yahoo.com.

What I am calling for here is care in how we execute this necessary double-edged programme of Afrocentrism and black consciousness.