HURRICANE Melissa swept through our shores, erasing decades of our ancestors’ instructions regarding land markings documented in conversations, wills and testaments; trees, graves, pegs, and other markings used to delineate land boundaries — all destroyed in a matter of hours. Now that the land is bare we must act swiftly to resurvey, especially, unregistered parcels to prevent future uncertainties.

Resurveying land after destruction is part of a broader process called land reclamation, or restoration, which involves assessing damage, devising a plan, and physically restoring the land to a usable or pre-disaster condition. Surveying is vital for establishing original boundaries and providing a basis for reconstruction while restoration includes engineering and ecological efforts to regrade, replenish soil, control erosion, and establish vegetation. This process is crucial after a natural disaster.

We have seen houses detach from their original foundations and soil being eroded. This means these people will need to do the following:

Survey the Damaged Land

A post-disaster survey may help to:

•Establish accurate boundaries: Surveying is the first step to re-establishing accurate property lines, especially when traditional markers have been destroyed.

•Preserve evidence: Surveying helps to preserve existing survey evidence, which is essential for future reference.

•Create a reliable baseline: Surveying provides a detailed map of the current conditions to use as a baseline for the restoration plan.

For unregistered land for which physical markings have been lost, surveyors often conduct a boundary retracement survey to re-establish a property line. This involves researching historical documents, examining physical evidence, and following the original surveyor’s methods. The goal is to locate and clearly mark the legally defendable boundary, based on the original intent, rather than to correct any errors. The process involves a surveyor analysing deeds, historical maps, and field evidence to resolve disputes, verify property lines, and produce a report that can be used in legal proceedings.

Land Restoration Process

1. Assessment: A thorough assessment of the damage and site conditions is performed.

2. Planning: A detailed plan is created, outlining the goals for the land’s new or restored use, and clear objectives and methods for its reclamation or restoration.

3. Engineering and implementation: Physical work is carried out, such as:

o placing and compacting fill to regrade the land to its original contour

o erosion-control measures such as terracing and water bars

o soil replenishment and enhancement to restore fertility.

4. Revegetation: Vegetation is revived and native species planted. This is critical for stabilising the soil and rehabilitating the ecosystem.

5. Monitoring: The restored site is monitored over time to ensure the project’s success and to make necessary adjustments.

Consequences of Failing to Reclaim a Land Boundary

When a landowner fails to reclaim a land boundary after a storm, boundary disputes with neighbours often result which can involve complex legal issues such as trespass or adverse possession.

The main steps include documenting the damage, reviewing legal documents, hiring a professional land surveyor, and resolving the issue through negotiation or mediation.

Ignoring a boundary issue can lead to an encumbered Certificate of Title and, over time, the potential loss of land.

Steps to Address the Situation

If a storm has changed your land boundary or damaged boundary markers (such as fences or walls), here are the recommended steps:

•Document everything: Immediately capture dated photos and videos of the damage caused by the storm, the current condition of the boundary area, and any changes in water flow or land elevation. This documentation is vital evidence for any future discussions or legal proceedings.

•Consult property documents: Gather all relevant documents that you possess, including:

• deeds of gift

• property plans

• land title

• historical records

• property tax receipt

• any recorded agreements with neighbours regarding the boundary

• homeowner’s insurance policies to see if storm damage and survey costs are covered.

• the last will of any deceased relative who may have owned the land.

•Hire a professional land surveyor: The National Land Agency plans are often not precise enough to establish exact boundaries in a dispute. A qualified land surveyor can identify the exact boundary line using legal descriptions and historical evidence, and can prepare a report for court if necessary.

•Communicate with your neighbour: Once you have evidence, discuss the situation calmly, addressing the issues in chronological order. They may be willing to cooperate in restoring the boundary or sharing the cost of a survey.

•Attempt mediation: If direct communication breaks down, consider engaging a professional mediator. An impartial third party can help resolve any conflict without hastily resorting to legal action.

•Seek legal advice: If all amicable efforts fail, consult an attorney who specialises in property litigation or boundary disputes. They can advise on the pre-action protocol for property disputes and guide you through legal options, which may involve court proceedings to recover possession or recover damages.

•Act promptly: In many jurisdictions, laws regarding adverse possession mean that if a neighbour uses or possesses a portion of your land without permission for a certain number of years (eg 12 years in Jamaica), they may be able to claim legal title to that portion. Acting quickly is essential to protecting your rights.

In conclusion, Hurricane Melissa has caused lasting damage; however, prompt action can safeguard your rights and protect your property for future use. Restoring boundary lines and engaging in proper land restoration are not only wise but also crucial in preserving your interests.

Venice Williams is a partner with Lewis, Smith, Williams & Co. Email: vwilliams@lswlegal.com