Heatstroke is a condition caused by your body overheating, usually as a result of prolonged exposure to or physical exertion in high temperatures.

This most serious form of heat injury and a heatstroke can occur if your body temperature rises to 104°F (40°C) or higher. The condition is most common in the summer months.

Heatstroke requires emergency treatment. Untreated heatstroke can quickly damage your brain, heart, kidneys, and muscles. The damage worsens the longer treatment is delayed, increasing your risk of serious complications or death.

Heatstroke signs and symptoms include:

*High body temperature. A core body temperature of 104°F (40°C) or higher, obtained with a rectal thermometer, is the main sign of heatstroke.

*Altered mental state or behaviour. Confusion, agitation, slurred speech, irritability, delirium, seizures, and coma can all result from heatstroke.

*Alteration in sweating. In heatstroke brought on by hot weather, your skin will feel hot and dry to the touch. However, in heatstroke brought on by strenuous exercise, your skin may feel dry or slightly moist.

*Nausea and vomiting. You may feel sick to your stomach or vomit.

*Flushed skin. Your skin may turn red as your body temperature increases.

*Rapid breathing. Your breathing may become rapid and shallow.

*Racing heart rate. Your pulse may significantly increase because heat stress places a tremendous burden on your heart to help cool your body.

*Headache. Your head may throb.

Heatstroke can occur as a result of:

1. Exposure to a hot environment. In a type of heatstroke called non-exertional (classic) heatstroke, being in a hot environment leads to a rise in core body temperature. This type of heatstroke typically occurs after exposure to hot, humid weather, especially for prolonged periods. It occurs most often in older adults and in people with chronic illness.

2. Strenuous activity. Exertional heatstroke is caused by an increase in core body temperature brought on by intense physical activity in hot weather. Anyone exercising or working in hot weather can get exertional heatstroke, but it’s most likely to occur if you’re not used to high temperatures.

In either type of heatstroke, your condition can be brought on by wearing excess clothing that prevents sweat from evaporating easily and cooling your body; drinking alcohol, which can affect your body’s ability to regulate your temperature; and becoming dehydrated by not drinking enough water to replenish fluids lost through sweating.

Risk factors

Anyone can develop heatstroke, but several factors increase your risk:

1. Age. Your ability to cope with extreme heat depends on the strength of your central nervous system. In the very young, the central nervous system is not fully developed, and in adults over 65, the central nervous system begins to deteriorate, which makes your body less able to cope with changes in body temperature. Both age groups usually have difficulty remaining hydrated, which also increases risk.

2. Exertion in hot weather. Military training and participating in sports, such as football or long-distance running events, in hot weather are among the situations that can lead to heatstroke.

3. Sudden exposure to hot weather. You may be more susceptible to heat-related illnesses if you’re exposed to a sudden increase in temperature, such as during an early summer heatwave or travel to a hotter climate.

4. A lack of air conditioning. Fans may make you feel better, but during sustained hot weather, air conditioning is the most effective way to cool down and lower humidity.

5. Certain medications. Some medications affect your body’s ability to stay hydrated and respond to heat. Be especially careful in hot weather if you take medications that narrow your blood vessels, regulate your blood pressure by blocking adrenaline, rid your body of sodium and water, or reduce psychiatric symptoms.

6. Stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and illegal stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine, also make you more vulnerable to heatstroke.

7. Certain health conditions. Certain chronic illnesses, such as heart or lung disease, might increase your risk of heatstroke. So can being obese, being sedentary, and having a history of previous heatstroke.

Complications

Heatstroke can result in a number of complications depending on how long the body temperature is high. Severe complications include:

1. Vital organ damage. Without a quick response to lower body temperature, heatstroke can cause your brain or other vital organs to swell, possibly resulting in permanent damage.

2. Death. Without prompt and adequate treatment, heatstroke can be fatal.

Prevention

Heatstroke is predictable and preventable. Take these steps to prevent heatstroke during hot weather:

1. Wear loose-fitting, lightweight clothing. Wearing excess clothing or clothing that fits tightly won’t allow your body to cool properly.

2. Protect against sunburn. Sunburn affects your body’s ability to cool itself, so protect yourself outdoors with a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses and use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply every two hours — or more often if you’re swimming or sweating.

3. Drink plenty of fluids. Staying hydrated will help your body sweat and maintain a normal body temperature.

4. Take extra precautions with certain medications. Be on the lookout for heat-related problems if you take medications that can affect your body’s ability to stay hydrated and dissipate heat.

5. Never leave anyone in a parked car. This is a common cause of heat-related deaths in children. When parked in the sun, the temperature in your car can rise 20° F (more than 11° C) in 10 minutes.

It’s not safe to leave a person in a parked car in warm or hot weather, even if the windows are cracked or the car is in shade. When your car is parked, keep it locked to prevent a child from getting inside. Take it easy during the hottest parts of the day. If you can’t avoid strenuous activity in hot weather, drink fluids and rest frequently in a cool spot. Try to schedule exercise or physical labour for cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or evening.

6. Get acclimated. Limit time spent working or exercising in heat until you’re conditioned to it. People who are not used to hot weather are especially susceptible to heat-related illnesses. It can take several weeks for your body to adjust to hot weather.

7. Be cautious if you’re at increased risk. If you take medications or have a condition that increases your risk of heat-related problems, avoid the heat and act quickly if you notice symptoms of overheating. If you participate in a strenuous sporting event or activity in hot weather, make sure there are medical services available in case of a heat emergency.

This article first appeared on Mayo Clinic and can be accessed at the following link: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581