GENEVA, Switzerland (CMC) – Despite progress made since the Zika and Ebola crises, a new report released on Thursday by the International Working Group on Financing Preparedness (IWG), established by the World Bank, shows that most countries are not adequately prepared for a pandemic, and the world is still doing too little to finance recommended actions to strengthen pandemic preparedness.

The report, ” From Panic and Neglect to Investing in Health Security: Financing Pandemic Preparedness at a National Level,” lays out 12 recommendations to ensure the adequate financing of the capabilities and infrastructure required to prevent, identify, contain and respond to infectious disease outbreaks.The report says many countries in the Caribbean and elsewhere “chronically underinvest in critical public health functions like disease surveillance, diagnostic laboratories, and emergency operations centres, which enable the early identification and containment of outbreaks.”So far, the report says 37 countries have completed the rigorous peer-reviewed assessments, called the Joint External Evaluation (JEE), of their preparedness capacities to identify their gaps and needs. But the report says that leaves 162 countries that have not.Moreover, the report says only two of the countries that have completed this assessment have used the results to devise costed plans.The report, therefore, urges national governments to prioritise financing preparedness in their domestic budgets, as should international donors.“Not investing enough in pandemic preparedness puts lives at risk and is bad economics,” the report says. “A severe pandemic could result in millions of deaths and cost trillions of dollars, and even smaller outbreaks can cost thousands of lives and cause immense economic damage.”The World Bank said the most conservative estimates suggest that pandemics destroy 0.1 to 1.0 per cent of global gross domestic product (GDP), on par with other global threats such as climate change.It said recent economic work suggests that the annual global cost of moderately severe to severe pandemics is roughly US$570 billion, or 0.7 per cent of global income.“Preparedness at a national level is the first line of defence against pandemic threats, and thus the foundation of universal health security. Yet we have underinvested in the capabilities and infrastructure essential for preparedness,” said Peter Sands, former CEO of Standard Chartered Bank, who is chair of the IWG and now a Senior Fellow at Harvard University in Massachusetts.“Given the scale of risk to human lives and livelihoods, the investment case for financing preparedness is compelling,” he added. “We must make it happen.”The World Bank said pandemic preparedness prevents, detects and responds to the spread of disease both in humans and in livestock that have close contact with humans.It said the last 30 years have seen a steady increase in the frequency and diversity of disease outbreaks.“Pandemics can strike anywhere, and everyone is at risk – especially the poor and the vulnerable,” World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim said. “We must finally break the cycle of panic and neglect in our response to grave threats from infectious diseases. We have to ensure we are prepared, so the next outbreak does not become the next pandemic.”Failing to invest in preparedness is especially short-sighted, given the low cost of preparedness relative to the devastating impact of a pandemic, the World Bank said.In low- and middle-income countries, such as those in the Caribbean, that have calculated the cost of financing preparedness, the investment required is about US$1 per person per year, the World Bank said.“Countries and international development partners all need to recognise the seriousness of pandemics and do their part to pay for preparedness,” said Recep Akdag, Minister of Health of the Republic of Turkey. “If we don’t do this now, we will find ourselves losing decades of health and economic gains when we are hit with an infectious disease outbreak.”The IWG, established in November 2016, puts forward 12 far-reaching recommendations, including getting all national governments to commit to conducting assessment of preparedness and animal health capacities by the end of 2019; ensuring the results of these assessments are translated into costed action plans, supported by financing proposals and investment cases; and reinforcing tax resources, including earmarked taxes, to finance preparedness.The recommendations also include ensuring donors fulfil their commitments, focusing development assistance on large one-off capital expenses that countries cannot afford, on regional initiatives and on fragile states; and ensuring the economic risks of infectious diseases are factored into macroeconomic assessments and investment decision-making, like other systemic risks are.“Outbreak preparedness is chronically under-funded, and we have been waiting for bold thinking on financing since at least the mid-nineties,” said Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO). “Implementing the IWG recommendations will ensure that every country mobilises the resources necessary to prevent, detect, and respond to future outbreaks.”The World Bank said the ultimate goal of robust pandemic preparedness is universal health security, which means protecting all people from threats to their health.It said universal health security is “ an essential component of universal health coverage – where everyone can obtain the quality health services they need, while not being pushed into poverty by having to pay out-of-pocket for health care costs.”The World Bank said universal health security contributes to and depends on stronger and more resilient health systems, and is critical to achievement of the sustainable development goals.