BEIJING, China (AP) — China’s economic growth fell to its second-lowest level in at least four decades last year under pressure from anti-virus controls and a real estate slump, but activity is reviving after restrictions that kept millions of people at home and sparked protests were lifted.

The world’s number two economy grew by 3 per cent in 2022, less than half of the previous year’s 8.1 per cent rate, official data showed Tuesday. That was the second-lowest annual rate since at least the 1970s after 2020, when growth fell to 2.4 per cent at the start of the coronavirus pandemic.

China’s slump has hurt its trading partners by reducing demand for oil, food, consumer goods and other imports. A rebound would be a boost to global suppliers who face a growing risk of recession in Western economies.

Economic growth sank to 2.9 per cent over a year earlier in the three months ending in December from the previous quarter’s 3.9 per cent, the National Bureau of Statistics reported.

Consumer spending started to recover but still was weak in December after the ruling Communist Party abruptly ended its “zero-COVID” controls.

“The outlook for GDP [gross domestic product] growth in 2023 has improved,” said Iris Pang of ING in a report.

To shore up the economy, the ruling party also has backtracked on key financial and industrial policies, winding down anti-monopoly and data crackdowns aimed at tightening control over China’s tech industries. That campaign wiped hundreds of billions of dollars off the share prices of e-commerce giant Alibaba and other companies on foreign stock exchanges.

The Government is loosening controls on real estate financing after tighter controls on debt that Chinese leaders worry is dangerously high caused economic growth to slide starting in 2021.

Asian stock markets were mixed after the news. Market benchmarks in China and Hong Kong declined while Tokyo gained. South Korea and Australia fell.

China’s economic growth is in long-term decline after hitting a peak of 14.2 per cent in 2007, hampered by hurdles including an aging, shrinking workforce and growing curbs on Chinese access to Western technology due to security concerns.

China’s population of working-age people (16 to 59) has fallen by about 5 per cent from its 2011 peak to 876.6 million last year, based on official data released Tuesday. The working-age group as a share of the population of 1.4 billion fell to 62 per cent from 70 per cent a decade ago.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and private sector forecasters expect economic growth no higher than about 4 per cent through the rest of the decade.

In December, retail sales fell 1.8 per cent from a year earlier, but that was an improvement over the previous month’s 5.9 per cent contraction. Wary consumers are returning only gradually to shopping malls and restaurants amid a surge in COVID-19 infections that has flooded hospitals with patients.

Investment in factories, real estate and other fixed assets in December rebounded to 0.5 per cent growth over the previous month following November’s 0.5 per cent contraction.

“The good news is that there are now signs of stabilisation,” Louise Loo of Oxford Economics said in a report.

Growth is forecast to improve this year to a still-modest level of about 5 per cent. Economists point to weakness in real estate, an important economic engine, and slowing exports.

Factory output in 2022 rose 3.6 per cent over the previous year, suggesting activity tumbled after hitting 4.8 per cent in the third quarter of the year as US and European demand for Chinese goods weakened under pressure from interest rate hikes to cool record-setting inflation.

The surprise end of some of the world’s most pervasive anti-virus controls followed a promise by the Communist Party in November to reduce the cost and disruptions of “zero COVID”.

That policy aimed to isolate every sick person. It helped keep China’s infection numbers below those of most other countries. But it shut down Shanghai and other cities for up to two months in early 2020 to fight outbreaks, disrupting manufacturing and trade. Growth tumbled to a low point of 0.4 per cent over a year earlier in April-June before rebounding to 3.9 per cent in the following quarter.

A new infection wave that began in October prompted authorities to reimpose restrictions that closed factories and required millions of people to stay home. Public frustration boiled over into protests in Shanghai and other cities. Some protesters in Shanghai called for Chinese leader Xi Jinping to resign.

The ruling party has dropped quarantine, testing and other restrictions and eased controls that blocked most travel into and out of China. It has yet to say when large-scale tourism into the country will resume.

Even after those controls were relaxed, some factories and restaurants were forced to close for weeks at a time in December due to lack of employees who weren’t infected.

On Saturday, the Cabinet promised tax cuts, bank loans and other support for entrepreneurs to “promote stable growth”.

“Reopening should result in a burst of growth over the coming year,” Goldman Sachs economist Andrew Tilton said in a report. Goldman raised its outlook on this year’s expansion to 5.2 per cent from 4.5 per cent.

Others are more cautious. The World Bank this month cuts it 2023 growth outlook for China to 4.3 per cent from a forecast in June of 5.2 per cent. It cited uncertainty about COVID-19 and the weak real estate industry.

The debt crackdown forced smaller developers out of business in an industry that accounts for up to 25 per cent of China’s economic activity. Some bigger competitors missed bond repayments. Sales plunged while jittery buyers waited for the status of developers to become clear.

Financial markets are waiting to see what happens to Evergrande Group, the global industry’s most indebted company, which is trying to restructure more than $300 billion owed to banks and bondholders.