GENEVA, Switzerland (AFP) — Years of negotiations culminated early Wednesday with countries agreeing the text of a landmark accord on how to tackle future pandemics, aimed at avoiding the mistakes made during the COVID-19 crisis.

After more than three years of talks and one last marathon session, weary delegates at the World Health Organization’s headquarters finally sealed the deal at around 2:00 am (0000 GMT) Wednesday.

“Tonight marks a significant milestone in our shared journey towards a safer world,” said WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.

Five years after the emergence of COVID-19, which killed millions of people, devastated economies and upturned health systems, a sense of urgency hung over the talks, with new threats lurking, including H5N1 bird flu, measles, mpox and Ebola.

The final stretch of the talks also took place under the shadow of cuts to US foreign aid spending and threatened tariffs on pharmaceuticals.

Right until the last minute, disagreement lingered over a few thorny issues.

Negotiators stumbled over the agreement’s Article 11, which deals with transferring technology for pandemic health products towards developing nations.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, poorer states accused rich nations of hoarding vaccines and tests.

Countries with large pharmaceutical industries have strenuously opposed the idea of mandatory tech transfers, insisting they must be voluntary.

But it appeared the obstacle could be overcome by adding that any transfer needed to be “mutually agreed”.

The core of the agreement is a proposed Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS), aimed at allowing the swift sharing of pathogen data with pharmaceutical companies, enabling them to quickly start working on pandemic-fighting products.

In the end, the 32-page agreement was entirely highlighted in green, indicating all of it had been fully approved by WHO member states.

“It’s adopted,” negotiations co-chair Anne-Claire Amprou announced to thunderous applause.

“In drafting this historic agreement, the countries of the world have demonstrated their shared commitment to preventing and protecting everyone, everywhere, from future pandemic threats.”

The finalised text will now be presented for sign-off at the WHO’s annual assembly next month.

Congratulations quickly poured in.

“Excellent news from Geneva,” European Union chief Ursula von der Leyen said on X.

“We have learnt the lessons of COVID. To beat a pandemic, you need tests, treatments and vaccines. And you equally need solidarity and global cooperation.”

The EU had led the charge, arguing for flexibility and voluntary measures in the text.

The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA), which participated in the talks, had also taken that stance.

Looking ahead towards implementation, the leading pharma lobby said intellectual property and legal certainty would be essential for encouraging investment in high-risk research and development in the next crisis.

“The pandemic agreement is a starting point,” insisted IFPMA chief David Reddy.

Developing countries and NGOs also hailed the agreement, while acknowledging that not all of their ambitions were met.

“While the process may not have yielded all the outcomes we aspired for, it has opened an important avenue for future collaboration,” Tanzania’s representative told the gathering, speaking on behalf of dozens of African countries.

As intense talks in corridors and closed rooms drew towards an end late Tuesday, Tedros told reporters he thought a deal would bring “more equity”.

While taking measures against pandemics could be costly, “the cost of inaction is much bigger”, he insisted.

“Virus is the worst enemy. (It) could be worse than a war.”

The United States, which has thrown the global health system into crisis by slashing foreign aid spending, was absent.

US President Donald Trump ordered a withdrawal from the United Nations’ health agency and from the pandemic agreement talks after taking office in January.

The US absence, and Trump’s threat to slap steep tariffs on pharmaceutical products, still hung over the talks, making manufacturers and governments more jittery.

But in the end, countries reached consensus.

Many saw the approval of the text as a victory for global cooperation.

“At a time when multilateralism is under threat, WHO member states have joined together to say that we will defeat the next pandemic threat in the only way possible: by working together,” said New Zealand’s former prime minister Helen Clark, co-chair of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response.

As the congratulatory speeches continued on towards daybreak, Eswatini’s representative cautioned that “whilst we celebrate this moment, we need not rest on our laurels”.

“The real work begins now.”