I have spent more than 30 years in Diaspora engagement, learning, collaborating, and starting and leading several for-profit businesses and non-profit organisations. And the one thing that is a common thread among members of the Jamaican Diaspora is cognisance of the high crime rate in their home country.

Of the hundreds of seminars, conferences, or events I have attended, whenever there is an opportunity for a Diasporan to ask questions, the most common, confrontational, high-intensity, answerless questions have been centred around crime in Jamaica. It makes you wonder if the crime situation will ever improve in the place we call home.

It took me many years of interactions, but I have never been able to understand concepts and terminologies and effective ways of determining how to help my country directly on the crime front. Therefore, I decided to pursue studies in criminal justice (MSc) and criminology (PhD) to be a part of the discussion and to be able to explore and understand how I can be of more service to Jamaica.

Writing has given me the opportunity to delve into areas I would not have understood four years ago.

Jamaicans at home and in the Diaspora understand that crime is a big white elephant on the island of Jamaica. Every industry is suffering, directly and indirectly, due to the scourge of criminality. The Government seems to be at a loss as to how to curb crime, and this unimaginable crime rate in Jamaica has left the Diaspora in shock and fear. Most wonder what will be done to recover from this monster. Strategies to fight crime are unclear and criminals are recruited as fast as the world sees our little island producing sprinters.

At the centre of our crime-fighting strategy is the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF). The mission of the JCF is as follows:

•maintenance of law and order

•protection of life and property

•prevention and detection of crime

•preservation of peace

According to the Statista Research Department, in 1962 there were 63 murders in Jamaica, with mild growth until 1980 when there were 899 murders. Again, there was a significant spike in crime when Jamaica averaged more than 1,300 murders between 2016 and 2022.

Reviewing international conviction rates, Canada’s 2017-2018 conviction rate was 62 per cent (for those charged as adults). China’s conviction rate was 99.9 per cent; India’s is around 46 per cent; Japan’s is 99.3 per cent; Russia’s is 99; and the USA’s conviction average is approximately 84 per cent.

At press conferences, the JCF refers to a clearance rate. This gives the impression that crime is being deterred once the clear-up rate is high. Not so. The Supreme Court of Jamaica reports a conviction rate of 51.35 per cent. The conviction rate is a better judge of whether crime prevention is at its optimum. The Supreme Court records show several references to a clear-up rate. Clear-up from the JCF’s perspective simply means the number of arrested and processed divided by the total number of active arrests during that period. The cleared cases are either dropped or sent to court. In court, the clear-up rate refers to all cases disposed of from the court’s active records (guilt, innocence, dismissed, or thrown out) divided by the total cases presented for that period. The conviction rate, especially for serious crimes, is lower than and buried in the clear-up rate.

The Supreme Court records show the most frequently occurring crimes in 2021 to include breaches of the DRMA, breaches of curfew orders, assault occasioning bodily harm, unlawful wounding, threat, malicious destruction of property, possession of an offensive weapon, failure to wear a mask in a public place, possession of ganja, and littering. Of the cases disposed of during 2021 guilty pleas accounted for 48.67 per cent; dismissed cases, 17.03 per cent; guilty verdicts, 2.68 per cent; and not guilty verdicts 11.12 per cent. The conviction rate was 51.35 (total guilty pleas + guilty verdicts).

With a 51.35 per cent conviction rate, of which only 2.68 per cent are guilty verdicts, how much of this number represents serious crimes (murder, rape, robbery) vs property and DRMA crimes? Conviction and sentencing rates are more powerful tools to use for assessing the crime situation. This is punishment. Clear-up rates do not imply a punishment for anyone. It’s just to show that the caseload is relieved. A low conviction rate does not reflect well on any law enforcement agency or good police work.

There are many reasons for the high murder rate in Jamaica. A high crime rate is generally judged by a high rate of serious crimes, including murder, robbery, rape, etc. OSAC.gov said Jamaica’s police force is understaffed and has limited resources. Further, it reports that the Government of Jamaica has had to declare states of emergency (SOEs) and zones of special operations (ZOSOs) for several parishes because of rampant violence and murders and substantial money-laundering activity. It goes on to say that Colombian narcotics traffickers like Jamaica because of its illicit financial transactions; the United States, Canada, and Europe also get cocaine through Jamaica, the trans-shipmet point for South American traffickers; and it is well known that Jamaica is the largest producer of marijuana in the Caribbean.

Global Organised Crime Index reported that Jamaica’s leadership lacks accountability and transparency, and some are linked to gangs and crime. However, there are other reasons crime is high in Jamaica:

•Since Christopher “Dudus” Coke’s capture, the decentralisation of gangs has enabled many more gang leaders to spread across the island.

•The lottery scams were led by some police officers and other leaders in the local community. Scammers are now high-ranking leaders in the community

•Leaders and business owners have given in to extortion, a gang revenue option

•Hunger and poverty

•Lack of opportunities

The discipline of criminology has brought forth many theories that can help Jamaica better understand the root causes and what to consider while fighting crime.

DETERRENCE THEORY

Deterrence is the theory that criminal penalties and punishment are a hindrance that help deter people from committing a crime. Deterrence is not just about punishing the criminal, but it serves to make people have second thoughts about committing a crime because the proof is there that if they committed a crime, they would be punished. The concept of deterrence holds that punishment for crime must be swift, severe, and certain for it to be effective. People who intend to commit crimes must know that, if they do, the courts will make the decision swiftly, the punishment is certain to occur, and the severity of the punishment fits the crime.

At the same time, if there is no punishment or punishment is inadequate, absent, or weak, people intending to will likely commit the crime because they know they won’t be caught and punishment is non-existent. High conviction rates are an effective deterrence tool. The public must know about the conviction rates. The deterrence effect is significantly weakened if no one knows about the results of trials and convictions. Is the Jamaican Government prepared for proper deterrence strategies? Are they employing it? The law requires an effective police force, court system, and corrections facilities to ensure optimum deterrence. If any one of the three fails, the others are pressured to perform.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Just as good and evil are learnt skills, criminality is also socially acquired. The social learning theory emphasises how observing, modelling, and imitating others’ behaviour, attitudes, and emotional reactions is the template for learning the art of criminality. The theory shows that just as moms and dads teach moral values, veteran criminals teach children in their community how to become criminals and guide young minds into early deviant activities. Wrongdoings become a natural part of their growing up. Instead of yearning to be doctors, lawyers, or positive, influential leaders in the community, they yearn to become dons and gang leaders.

In what direction are our children guided today? It is a known fact that children’s criminality can develop from as early as six years old. Some countries prosecute children as adults from as young as eight years old. As many as 24 out of 50 states in the US have no minimum age limit to prosecute children; they recognise criminality starts pretty early.

Children exposed to criminality from an early age will commit crimes. Is the Jamaican Government protecting children at the early childhood level? If so, how effective is it? Is the Government helping parents with children at that age?

Social learning theory considers several human learning and behaviour factors: social, environmental, and cognitive factors — a great way to learn good and evil or wrong and right.

STRAIN THEORY

The strain theory holds that people will turn to crime when the community and social strains pressure them. They are strained because they don’t have the next meal, employment, a permanent place to live, or cannot achieve the goals of the haves in society. No wonder a child who knows wrong from right and good from bad is pressured when a gang leader gives him the promise of a better life. When the grass seems greener on the other side, some people will choose the promise of greener pastures.

Many Jamaicans live below the poverty line. Homes in various communities are in disrepair or non-existent. Some families don’t have the next meal so they turn to crime. What should police officers do, even when they understand this theory? Where do the police draw the line on whether to arrest? Are the poor treated with dignity by police officers? Are they treated differently from the people who have? If so, why?

Some police strategies are working across the world and are intentional practices. Their successes are recorded and many police departments across the US are implementing them. Similarly, Jamaica would need to be intentional about implementing other strategies to help the country with the spate of serious crimes across the country. They are community-oriented (COP) and problem-oriented policing (POP).

Community-oriented policing (COP) encourages police to move from reactive and inherently passive strategies to a preventive, interventionist model. Police empower the community in various ways, not just by talking but by deliberate efforts to engage and involve the community in the crime-fighting process. They must believe first in good police functions and practices, ones that the community will buy into, not one that is police-centric.

Next, police work on gaining legitimacy by relying on citizens for collaboration, authority, and information must be encouraged. Decentralising the power of the police is paramount with this type of strategy. Setting up more robust county structures (Cornwall, Middlesex, and Surrey) to better respond to disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The police need more staffing to get this rolling as school resource officers, walk-foot patrollers, and ministrations are required to enhance legitimacy, deterrence, prevention, quick response, and effective control.

Problem-oriented policing (POP) focuses on specific crime problems. It requires capturing, storing, identifying, analysing data, predicting crime activity, and responding to underlying issues that cause crime, that way, information can easily be obtained to respond to incidents and achieve crime-reduction results that are deliberate and quantifiable. This requires substantial government interventions; policy changes; community resource use, such as COP strategies; specialised training; decentralising police to county operations; and new approaches that will change government services.

Crime in Jamaica is a problem, not just for Jamaica but for the international community that depends on the island as a tourist destination and the Diaspora who want to visit or relocate back home after retirement. There needs to be a change in crime-fighting strategies to achieve the societal balance we seek. With Jamaica owning one of the highest homicide rates in the western hemisphere, concerns for the lives of residents, tourists, and the members of the Diaspora are at the forefront of everyone’s minds.

Is law enforcement doing all it can to live up to its responsibilities of maintaining law and order, protecting life and people, preventing and detecting crime, and preserving peace? Will policymakers adjust crime-fighting strategies to modern-day techniques that work?

leogilling@msn.com