NEW YORK, United States — American workers faced a sobering reality as they celebrated the US holiday of Labour Day at a time of high unemployment, scant hiring and a widespread loss of job security: economists foresee fewer moderately paid factory supervisors, postal workers and office administrators.

Not until 2014 or later is the United States expected to have regained all, or nearly all, the 8.4 million jobs lost to the recession. Millions of lost jobs in real estate, for example, aren’t likely to be restored this decade, if ever.

On Friday, the government said the August unemployment rate ticked up to 9.6 per cent. Not enough jobs were created to absorb the growing number of people seeking work. The unemployment rate has exceeded nine per cent for 16 months, the longest such stretch in nearly 30 years.

The crisis poses a threat to President Barack Obama and Democrats in Congress, whose hold on the House of Representatives and Senate appears to be at increasing risk because of voter discontent.

Even when the job market picks up, many people will be left behind. The threat stems, in part, from the economy’s continuing shift from one driven by manufacturing to one fueled by service industries.

Pay for future service-sector jobs will tend to vary from very high to very low. At the same time, the number of middle-income service-sector jobs will shrink, according to government projections. Any job that can be automated or outsourced overseas is likely to continue to decline.

The service sector’s growth could also magnify the nation’s income inequality, with more people either affluent or financially squeezed. The US isn’t educating enough people for the higher-skilled service-sector jobs of the future, economists warn.

“There will be jobs,” says Lawrence Katz, a Harvard economist. “The big question is what they are going to pay, and what kind of lives they will allow people to lead? This will be a big issue for how broad a middle class we are going to have.”

On one point there’s broad agreement: Of 8 million-plus jobs lost to the recession — in fields like manufacturing, real estate and financial services — many, perhaps most, aren’t coming back.

In their place will be jobs in health care, information technology and statistical analysis. Some of the new positions will require complex skills or higher education. Others won’t — but they won’t pay very much, either.

“Our occupational structure is really becoming bifurcated,” says Richard Florida, a professor at University of Toronto. “We’re becoming more of a divided nation by the work we do.”

By 2018, the government forecasts a net total of 15.3 million new jobs. If that proves true, unemployment would drop far closer to a historical norm of five per cent.

Nearly all the new jobs will be in the service sector, the Labor Department says. The nation’s 78 million baby boomers will need more health care services as they age, for example. Demand for medical jobs will rise. And innovations in high technology and alternative energy are likely to spur growth in occupations that don’t yet exist.

Hiring can’t come fast enough for the 14.9 million unemployed Americans. Counting part-time employees who would prefer full-time jobs, plus out-of-work people who have stopped looking for jobs, the number of “underemployed” is 26.2 million.

Manufacturing has shed two million jobs since the recession began. Construction has lost 1.9 million, financial services 651,000.

But the biggest factor has been the bust in real estate. The vanished jobs range from construction workers and furniture makers to loan officers, appraisers and material suppliers. Moody’s Analytics estimates the total number of housing-related jobs lost at 2.4 million. When you include commercial real estate, the number is far higher.

On top of real estate-related job losses, manufacturing is likely to keep shedding jobs, sending lower-skilled work overseas. Millions who worked in those fields will need to find jobs in higher-skilled or lower-paying occupations.

“The big fear is the country is simply not preparing workers for the kind of skills that the country is going to need,” says Gautam Godhwani, CEO of SimplyHired.com, which tracks job listings.