NEW YORK, USA

IN 2010, the US economy rebounded fitfully from the Great Recession — starting strong, wobbling at midyear but showing enough vigor by year’s end to quell fears of a second recession. Yet Americans hardly felt relief under the weight of high unemployment, which began the year at 9.7 per cent and is now 9.8 per cent.

An oil spill devastated the economy and environment along the Gulf Coast and hammered energy giant BP’s stock price and reputation.

China muscled past Japan to become the world’s No 2 economy, a reminder that the global economic order is shifting and America’s supremacy is diminishing.

It was a year of job shortages and swollen budget deficits that disheartened Americans and caused deep losses for incumbent Democrats on Election Day. The Federal Reserve tried with scant success to jolt the economy with record-low interest rates.

The struggling economy was voted the top business story of the year by US newspaper editors surveyed by The Associated Press. The oil spill in the Gulf came in second, followed by China’s economic rise.

1. ECONOMY STRUGGLES: Climbing out of the deepest recession since the 1930s, the economy grows at a healthy rate in the January-March quarter. Still, the gain comes mainly from companies refilling stockpiles they had let shrink during the recession. The economy can’t sustain the pace. The lingering effects of the recession slow growth.

The benefits of an US$814 billion government stimulus program fade. Consumers cut spending in favor of building savings and slashing debt. Businesses hesitate to hire. Cities and states lay off workers. Growth slows through spring and summer.

Unemployment stays chronically high. In May, the number of people unemployed for at least six months hits 6.8 million — a record 46 per cent of all the unemployed.

Pointing to the deficits, Congress resists backing more spending to stimulate the economy. The Federal Reserve seeks to fill the void by announcing it will buy US$600 billion in Treasury bonds to try to further lower interest rates, lift stocks and coax consumers to spend.

As the year closes, the economy makes broad gains. Factories produce more. Consumers — the backbone of the economy — return to the malls. Congress passes US$858 billion in tax cuts and aid to the long-term unemployed. Yet more than 15 million Americans are still unemployed. Economists say a full economic recovery remains years away.

2. GULF OIL SPILL: An explosion at a rig used by BP kills 11 workers and sends crude oil gushing into the Gulf of Mexico. The spill devastates the fishing and tourism industries along the Gulf Coast and causes environmental damage that may last for decades. BP sets up a US$20 billion fund to compensate fishermen, restaurateurs and others whose livelihoods were damaged.

The oil giant still faces civil charges and a criminal investigation by the Justice Department and lawsuits from hundreds of individuals and businesses. BP’s stock market value shrinks by more than US$100 billion after the April 20 disaster before bouncing about halfway back.

3. CHINA’S RISE: China passes Japan as the world’s second-biggest economy. The World Bank says it could surpass the United States by 2020. China’s gross domestic product is spread out over 1.3 billion people — amounting to about US$3,600 per person. That compares with GDP in the US of about US$42,000 per person. In Japan, it’s about US$38,000 per person. China’s thirst for raw materials and other products helps the rest of the world recover from the recession. Still, the US and Europe complain that China gives its exporters an unfair competitive edge by keeping its currency artificially low.

4. REAL ESTATE CRISIS: Housing remains depressed despite super-low mortgage rates. The average rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage dips to 4.17 per cent in November, the lowest in decades. But home sales and prices sink further. Nearly one in four homeowners owe more on their mortgages than their homes are worth, making it all but impossible for them to sell their home and buy another.

An estimated 1 million households lose their homes to foreclosure, even though the pace slows after evidence that lenders mishandled foreclosure documents. Some did so by hiring “robo-signers” to sign paperwork without checking their accuracy.

5. TOYOTA’S RECALL: Toyota’s reputation for making high-quality cars is tarnished after the Japanese automaker recalls 10 million vehicles for sudden acceleration and other problems. Toyota faces hundreds of lawsuits alleging that some models can speed up suddenly, causing crashes, injuries and deaths. Toyota blames driver error, faulty floor mats and sticky accelerator pedals for the unintended acceleration. The uproar damages its business. Toyota’s US sales rise just 0.2 per cent through November in a year when the industry’s overall sales climb more than 11 per cent.

6. GM’S COMEBACK: General Motors stock begins trading again. It signals the rebirth of a corporate icon that fell into bankruptcy and required a US$50 billion bailout from taxpayers. GM uses some proceeds from its November initial public offering to repay a portion of its bailout. (Washington still holds about a third of GM’s stock.) GM’s recovery helps rejuvenate the industry. Sales of cars and light trucks rise 11 per cent through November compared with the same period in 2009. Shoppers who had put off replacing their old cars return to showrooms.

7. FINANCIAL OVERHAUL: Congress passes the biggest rewrite of financial rules since the 1930s. The law targets the risky banking practices and lax oversight that led to the 2008 financial crisis. The law creates an agency to protect consumers from predatory loans and other abuses, empowers regulators to shut down big firms that threaten the entire system and shines more light into markets that have eluded oversight. Republican critics say the law goes too far, imposing burdensome rules that will restrict lending to consumers and small businesses.

8. EUROPEAN BAILOUTS: Greece and Ireland require emergency bailouts, raising fears that debt problems will spread and destabilize global markets. European governments and the International Monetary Fund agree to a US$145 billion rescue of Greece in May and a US$90 billion bailout of Ireland in November. The bailouts require both countries to slash spending, triggering protests by workers. Investors fear that debt troubles will spread to Spain, Portugal and other countries, weaken the European Union and threaten the future of the euro as its common currency.

9. 500 MILLION FACEBOOK USERS: Facebook tops the 500-millionuntry, Facebook would be the world’s third-largest. Facebook tightens its privacy settings after criticism that personal information is being disseminated without users’ knowledge or permission. Founder Mark Zuckerberg is named Time magazine’s “Person of the Year” and is the subject of a high-profile movie about Facebook’s creation.

10. iPAD MANIA: Apple Inc. unveils the iPad, bringing “tablet” computing into the mainstream and eroding laptop sales. Apple is expected to sell more than 13 million iPads this year. The iPads sell about twice as fast as iPhones did after their 2007 introduction. The price of Apple stock rockets more than 50 per cent in 2010. Competitors scramble to try to catch up. They include the Dell Streak, BlackBerry PlayBook, the Samsung Galaxy Tag and HP Slate.