(AP) — Perhaps no group of people is more alarmed about Elon Musk’s plan to make Twitter a free speech free-for-all than those most likely to be targeted for harassment: women, racial minorities and other marginalised groups.

They fear that a more hands-off approach to policing the platform will embolden purveyors of hate speech, bullying and disinformation to ratchet up their bad behavior — a possibility Musk has done little to dispel.

Yet even those who have faced extreme harassment on Twitter say they are unlikely to quit the platform. Despite the negative psychological toll, they still place a high value on Twitter as a place to express their views and engage with others.

That could help explain why Musk shows little concern for the underbelly of unfettered free speech, although advertisers — who account for 90 per cent of Twitter’s revenue — may not feel the same way.

Renee Bracey Sherman, a biracial abortion rights advocate, endures a steady stream of predictable criticism on Twitter and, occasionally, an eruption of vile tweets: messages calling for her death, photos of aborted foetuses and, recently, her likeness photoshopped as a Nazi.

“It is a montage of hate and gore and violence,” Bracey Sherman said.

But while some famous people have said they are planning to quit Twitter because of Musk, more typical users like Bracey Sherman say it’s not that simple. They cannot easily get attention wherever they go, cannot leave Twitter and expect their followers to join them.

While Twitter did not immediately respond for comment, the company says on its site that it does not permit targeted harassment or intimidation that could make people afraid to speak up. And it says it does not tolerate violent threats.

Musk has called himself a “free-speech absolutist” and believes Twitter will thrive as a forum for public debate with fewer restrictions. He hasn’t offered many details about his plans and he didn’t immediately respond to questions Wednesday, but in tweets to his 85 million followers since Twitter agreed to his US$44 billion offer to buy the company, Musk has made clear that he wants to limit the company’s content-moderation efforts.

“The extreme antibody reaction from those who fear free speech says it all,” Musk tweeted Tuesday.

The uproar over Twitter echoes what other social media companies have experienced in the recent past, such as when Facebook was slow to act to remove then-President Donald Trump from the platform for his role in the January 6 insurrection at the Capitol. And history shows that attempts at boycotts rarely succeed.

Technology experts say leaving social platforms is not easy — your friends or business associates are on it, and there are few alternatives. And even when fed-up users do leave, a steady stream of new users comes in right behind them. It’s not the angriest users who leave, experts say, but those who simply find no use for the platform.

While polls show all types of people are susceptible to online harassment, extensive research has shown that women and people of color are far more likely to be targeted. That’s also true for people with disabilities, people who belong to religious minorities and members of the LGBTQ community.

Michael Kleinman, who has studied online harassment for Amnesty International, said if Twitter allows more hateful and abusive speech, marginalised people who get attacked are likely to express themselves less.

“No one feels safe in a public square where as soon as you speak, a hostile mob screaming obscenities descends upon you. That’s no longer a public square. That’s an arena,” Kleinman said.