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ABU QASH, West Bank — Rofayda Qaoud — raped by her brothers and impregnated — refused to commit suicide, her mother recalls, even after she bought the unwed teenager a razor with which to slit her wrists. So Amira Abu Hanhan Qaoud says she did what she believes any good Palestinian parent would: restored her family’s “honour” through murder.
Armed with a plastic bag, razor and wooden stick, Qaoud entered her sleeping daughter’s room last January 27. “Tonight you die, Rofayda,” she told the girl, before wrapping the bag tightly around her head. Next, Qaoud sliced Rofayda’s wrists, ignoring her muffled pleas of “No, mother, no!” After her daughter went limp, Qaoud struck her in the head with the stick.
Killing her sixth-born child took 20 minutes, Qaoud tells a visitor through a stream of tears and cigarettes that she smokes in rapid succession. “She killed me before I killed her,” says the 43 year-old mother of nine. “I had to protect my children. This is the only way I could protect my family’s honour.”
The guilty brothers are in jail.
Qaoud’s confessed crime, for which she must appear before a three-judge panel on December 3, is one repeated almost weekly among Palestinians living in the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Israel. Female virtue and virginity define a family’s reputation in Arab cultures, so it’s women who are punished if that reputation is perceived as sullied.
Victims’ rights groups say the number of “honour crimes” appears to be climbing, but at the same time, getting little attention. Israelis and Palestinians are too busy with political and military issues to notice what they dismiss as domestic disputes, says Suad Abu-Dayyeh, who works for the Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and Counselling in East Jerusalem.
Poverty and war have exacerbated the problem, says Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, a social work and criminology professor at Hebrew University in Jerusalem and an expert on violence against women.
“Men do not have any power except over women,” she says.
Police in Israel investigated at least 18 honour killings in the past three years.
Palestinian police reported 31 cases in 2002 – up from five during the first half of 1999 – the last time such incidents were counted before the current Palestinian uprising began, according to the centre’s study.
But the number of killings is likely higher, given that Palestinian police investigate only crimes that have been reported, said Yousef Tarifi, the Ramallah prosecutor assigned to Qaoud’s case. Shalhoub-Kevorkian says her past research showed the likely number to be 15 times higher than the number of reported cases.
Qaoud says her husband, Abdul Rahim, 52, told her the Quran forbade such killings. But neither his pleas nor those of Palestinian crisis counsellors swayed her. “Why did she accept what happened to her?” Qaoud asks. “Even a wife can tell her husband ‘no.'”
According to court records, Rofayda was raped by her brothers, Fahdi, 22, and Ali, 20, in a bedroom they shared in the family’s three-room house. On November 26, 2002, doctors at a nearby hospital who were treating Rofayda for an injured leg discovered she was eight months pregnant.
Palestinian authorities whisked her off to a women’s shelter in Bethlehem, where she gave birth to a healthy boy on December 23. He has since been adopted by another Palestinian family, court records show.
Rofayda, meanwhile, wanted to return to her parents in the Ramallah suburb of Abu Qash. Ramallah Gov Mustafa Isa called a meeting with the family and village elders, demanding they pledge in writing not to harm the girl. “He asked me if everyone in the family and the village would promise not to bother this girl, but I told him I couldn’t give him a guarantee,” Abu Qash Mayor Faik Shalout says.
Rofayda returned home in late January without notifying the authorities.
The shame was unbearable, Qaoud said. Relatives and friends refused to speak to her family. Her elder daughters’ husbands wouldn’t allow them to visit because Rofayda had returned home.
On January 27, Rofayda sent word that she was in danger to crisis counsellors at Abu-Dayyeh’s centre in East Jerusalem. They, in turn, called Palestinian police in Ramallah, who have jurisdiction over Abu Qash. The police said they couldn’t get to the Qaoud home because of Israeli checkpoints.
Qaoud, meanwhile, sent her husband, who suffers from heart disease, to a doctor in the nearby village of Bir Zeit. Her three youngest children went to a cousin’s house.
At 11:30 p.m. she killed Rofayda, court records show. Tarifi says he’s convinced Qaoud had an accomplice, but Qaoud insists she acted alone.
Qaoud turned herself in and, after four months in jail, was released pending the resolution of her case.
The brothers are serving minimum 10-year sentences in a Palestinian jail in the West Bank city of Jericho for statutory rape of a relative, Tarifi says.
