WASHINGTON, DC, United States (AFP) — President Joe Biden is hoping to show a new era of US engagement with Latin America at a long-heralded summit this week, but the meeting has been clouded by boycott threats and charges of an unambitious agenda.

Regional leaders will descend on Los Angeles starting Monday for the week-long Summit of the Americas at a time when China, seen by the United States as a fast-emerging rival, has been making inroads in a zone Washington has historically considered its turf.

Days ahead of the summit, the White House was still finalising the invitation list in a bid to please Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, who has threatened not to attend unless all nations are included.

Biden, vowing to champion democracy, had planned to exclude the leftist governments of Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela on the grounds that they are autocratic, and instead welcome representatives of civil society from the three countries.

Earlier this month, St Vincent and the Grenadines Prime Minister Dr Ralph Gonsalves urged Caribbean Community (Caricom) leaders “not to attend” the summit unless the US Government alters its position regarding Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela.

Earlier, Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister Dr Keith Rowley said he was hoping that Caricom leaders would adopt a position on attending the summit.

The regional leaders had held a virtual meeting on the issue but failed to reach consensus on the matter.

On Sunday, the Jamaica Observer learnt that Jamaica’s Prime Minister Andrew Holness will be attending the summit.

Juan Gonzalez, the top White House adviser on Latin America, told reporters that Biden plans to “advance a vision of a region that is secure, middle class and democratic”, which is “fundamentally in the national security interest of the United States.”

Biden is expected to make announcements at the summit on economic cooperation and fighting both the novel coronavirus pandemic and climate change, Gonzalez said.

Biden also hopes to secure an agreement on regional cooperation on an issue over which he has faced domestic attacks from the rival Republican Party — migration.

The number of Central Americans and Haitians seeking to enter the United States has been surging as they flee poverty and violence in their homelands.

Biden has secured the attendance of other key presidents including Argentina’s left-leaning Alberto Fernandez, whom Biden also invited to Washington, and Brazil’s far-right Jair Bolsonaro, despite his questioning of the legitimacy of October elections.

Benjamin Gedan, who heads the Latin America programme at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, said that Lopez Obrador’s absence would mark a “significant void” and said the Mexican leader seemed more focused on domestic political gain.

The boycott threat has been “a really unfortunate sub-plot in the run-up to the summit because it has drained an enormous amount of US diplomatic energy for a bizarre cause celebre”, Gedan said.

He said that Biden has crafted a positive agenda, avoiding simply summoning Latin American leaders to lecture them on democracy, corruption, and China.

But he said it was unclear whether Biden will bring substantial resources to the table, in contrast to China’s lavish infrastructure spending and trade privileges.

“The real barometer for this summit will be whether the United States offers meaningful new market access, lending and foreign assistance to support economic recovery and infrastructure in the region,” Gedan said.

“And there I think, inevitably, the United States will disappoint.”

The Summit of the Americas is the first held by the United States since the inaugural meeting in 1994 in Miami, where then US President Bill Clinton sought the creation of a trade area to cover the whole continent except communist Cuba.

The United States has since soured on free trade, with Biden following the lead of his predecessor Donald Trump, who said such pacts hurt US workers.

Trump championed a hard line on Venezuela and Cuba, reversing his predecessor Barack Obama’s opening to the island, and did not attend the last Summit of the Americas in Peru in 2018.

Eric Farnsworth, vice-president of the Council of the Americas, recently told a congressional hearing that each summit has become “progressively less ambitious” with a shift “from a shared vision for democracy, trade and prosperity to a venue for taking a stand”.

The Los Angeles summit, he said, “offers the perfect opportunity for Washington to announce a commitment to regional growth and recovery”.

Michael Shifter, a senior fellow at the Inter-American Dialogue, said that the drama over summit attendance showed the waning hold of the United States over the region.

China has emerged as a leading partner, he said, and Latin American leaders are keenly aware of Biden’s political woes including the possibility that Republicans will retake control of Congress in November.

The United States “still has a lot of soft power”, Shifter said. “As for political and diplomatic influence, it is diminishing by the day.”

Former Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Tom Shannon, who in a long diplomatic career attended several summits, said for the summit to be successful Biden shouldn’t try to lay out a grand American vision for the hemisphere but rather show sensitivity to the region’s embrace of other global powers, concerns about gaping inequality and traditional mistrust of the US.

“More than speeches,” says Shannon, “he will need to listen.”

— Additional reporting Jamaica Observer and the Associated Press